What Is Acid Reflux? Causes, Symptoms, and How to Treat It

Acid reflux — also known as GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) or heartburn — is a common digestive condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, leading to irritation, discomfort, and a burning sensation often described as heartburn.

Understanding Acid Reflux: What Happens in the Body?

Acid reflux happens when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) — the muscle that acts as a valve between the stomach and esophagus — fails to close properly. This allows stomach acid to move upward, causing a range of symptoms that can impact daily life.

Common Symptoms of Acid Reflux

The hallmark symptom of acid reflux is a burning sensation in the chest or throat, especially after eating or when lying down. Other signs may include:

• A sour or bitter taste in the mouth

• Chronic coughing or wheezing

• Hoarseness or a scratchy voice

• A feeling of something stuck in the throat

It's important to note that in some cases, acid reflux symptoms can be mistaken for a heart attack, so recognizing the difference is crucial.

What Causes Acid Reflux?

Acid reflux can affect people of all ages, from infants to adults. Some of the most common causes include:

• Poor diet (especially fatty, spicy, or acidic foods)

• Obesity or being overweight

• Lack of physical activity

• Smoking and alcohol consumption

• Pregnancy, due to hormonal changes and increased abdominal pressure

In infants, acid reflux is usually temporary and improves with age.

How to Prevent and Treat Acid Reflux

Managing acid reflux starts with lifestyle changes and identifying trigger foods. Here are some effective ways to reduce symptoms:

• Eat smaller meals and avoid lying down after eating

• Avoid trigger foods such as citrus, caffeine, chocolate, and spicy dishes

• Maintain a healthy weight

• Elevate your head while sleeping

• Quit smoking and limit alcohol

Over-the-counter antacids can provide quick relief, but long-term or severe cases may require prescription medication or further medical evaluation.

Why Acid Reflux Shouldn't Be Ignored

If left untreated, acid reflux can lead to complications such as esophagitis, respiratory problems, or even Barrett’s esophagus, a condition that can increase the risk of esophageal cancer. Persistent symptoms should always be discussed with a healthcare provider.