Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease in which lung tissue becomes scarred, stiff, and unable to perform normal gas exchange. Early diagnosis is crucial because many symptoms appear slowly and are often mistaken for aging, fatigue, or mild respiratory infections.

What Is Pulmonary Fibrosis?

PF occurs when tiny air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) become inflamed and eventually replaced by thick scar tissue. This leads to reduced oxygen levels in the bloodstream and difficulty breathing.

Although some cases are linked to autoimmune disorders, infections, long-term exposure to pollutants, or certain medications, many cases are classified as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), meaning the cause is unknown.

Early Warning Signs

1. Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea)

The most common early sign. It starts subtly — during climbing stairs or brisk walking — and gradually becomes noticeable even at rest.

2. Dry, Persistent Cough

A chronic dry cough lasting months is a classic symptom. Many people ignore it, assuming allergies or common infections.

3. Fatigue and Low Exercise Tolerance

Due to reduced oxygen, individuals tire easily and may experience dizziness or weakness.

4. Finger Clubbing

Swollen fingertips with curved nails often develop in more advanced stages but can appear earlier than expected.

5. Unexplained Weight Loss

A sign the body is working harder to get oxygen.

How Pulmonary Fibrosis Is Diagnosed

• High-resolution CT scan (HRCT) – most accurate imaging tool

• Pulmonary function test – measures oxygen capacity

• Blood tests – identifies autoimmune causes

• Lung biopsy – sometimes necessary

Early testing greatly improves treatment options.

Treatment Options

There is no complete cure, but treatments slow scarring and improve quality of life.

1. Antifibrotic Medications

• Nintedanib and pirfenidone slow disease progression.

2. Oxygen Therapy

Helps reduce fatigue, dizziness, and breathlessness.

3. Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Structured exercise and breathing training to improve stamina.

4. Lifestyle Changes

• Avoid smoking

• Maintain healthy weight

• Practice breathing exercises

5. Lung Transplant

For eligible patients with severe disease.

When to See a Doctor

If you experience persistent breathlessness, chronic dry cough, or fatigue not explained by lifestyle changes, early evaluation is key to managing PF before it becomes advanced.